BEAN TO BRAND, TARIFF TO TRAP by Lawson Akhigbe

Next in Abuja, four governments will do something that sounds, on paper, like a belated act of economic self-respect. Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon between them the source of roughly two-thirds of the cocoa that becomes the world's chocolate will sign the Abuja Declaration and stand up a Cocoa Value Addition Alliance, a coordinated attempt to stop shipping out raw beans and start capturing some of the value that currently accrues, almost entirely, to everyone else. Nigeria will additionally sign its own Cocoa Value Addition Accord, a domestic compact roping in governors, farmer groups, financiers and researchers into the project of turning bean into brand rather than bean into someone else's bar.

The Tariff Trap: How Africa Was Turned Into a Warehouse for Raw Materials by Lawson Akhigbe

Long before many African nations even gained independence, an international economic architecture had already been designed to ensure Africa remained primarily a supplier of raw materials while Europe and other industrial powers controlled manufacturing, branding, finance and ultimately the profits.